Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents a challenge for public health and a high risk for patients with pre-existing comorbidity. As of July 20, 2020, the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) was 11.30% and the Mortality Rate (MR) was 31.28 deaths per 100,000 population. In Mexico, the prevalence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension among the adult Mexican population is 30%, 9.2%, and 40%, respectively. The objective of this research was to identify the risk factors associated with eight comorbidities and their dependency on age for death caused by COVID-19. Method: This study used the dataset published on July 20, 2020, by the General Directorate of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health of Mexico. From this dataset, we analysed 130,896 positive COVID-19 cases, where 35,483 (27.107%) patients had one comorbidity, and 95,413 (72.892%) patients had not medical comorbidity. Statistical analyses include the Case Fatality Rate (CFR), the estimation of the Odds Ratio (OR), and its 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results: The highest CFR was 14.382% for COPD, 10.266% for CKD, 10.126% for diabetes, and 8.954% for hypertension. The obesity CFR was 3.535%. Moreover, we detected a higher risk for patients with COPD, diabetes, and CKD, resulting in OR of 4.443 (95% CI: 3.404-5.799), 3.283 (95% CI: 3.018-3.570), and 3.016 (95% CI: 2.248-4.047), respectively. Conclusion: This study corroborates that the highest risk for severe disease and death caused by COVID-19 among the Mexican population are pre-existing comorbidities. Findings show that COPD, CKD, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease increase the risk of death for patients older than 54 years. The most vulnerable age group is older than 65 years.

Resumen La pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) representa un desafío para la salud pública y un alto riesgo para los pacientes con comorbilidad preexistente. Al 20 de julio de 2020, la Tasa de Casos Fatales fue de 11.30% y la Tasa de Mortalidad fue de 31.28 muertes por 100,000 habitantes. En México, la prevalencia de obesidad, diabetes mellitus e hipertensión entre la población adulta mexicana es de 30%, 9.2% y 40%, respectivamente. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a ocho comorbilidades y su dependencia de la edad para la muerte por COVID-19. Método: Este estudio utilizó el conjunto de datos publicado el 20 de julio de 2020 por la Dirección General de Epidemiología de la Secretaría de Salud de México. A partir de este conjunto de datos, se analizaron 130.896 casos positivos de COVID-19, donde 35.483 (27,107%) pacientes tenían una comorbilidad y 95.413 (72,892%) pacientes no tenían comorbilidad médica. Los análisis estadísticos incluyen la tasa de letalidad, la estimación de la razón de probabilidades y su intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: La Tasa de Casos Fatales más altas fue 14.382% para EPOC (Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica), 10.266% para ERC (Enfermedad Renal Crónica), 10.126% para diabetes y 8.954% para hipertensión. La tasa de riesgo para obesidad fue del 3,535%. Además, se detectó un mayor riesgo para los pacientes con EPOC, diabetes y ERC, lo que resultó en una OR de 4,443 (IC del 95%: 3,404-5,799), 3,283 (IC del 95%: 3,018-3,570) y 3,016 (IC del 95%: 2.248-4.047), respectivamente. Conclusión: Este estudio corrobora que el mayor riesgo de enfermedad grave y muerte causada por COVID-19 entre la población mexicana son las comorbilidades preexistentes. Los resultados muestran que EPOC, ERC, diabetes, hipertensión y enfermedades cardiovasculares aumentan el riesgo de muerte para pacientes mayores a 54 años. El grupo de edad más vulnerable es el de mayor a 65 años.

Neste artigo, duas bebidas mexicanas com denominação de origem controlada (DOC), tequila e mezcal, foram facilmente discriminadas por espectrofotometria UV-Vis e métodos quimiométricos. Os espectros foram registrados na faixa de 250-400 nm; a principal característica foi uma banda larga centrada em torno de 280 nm, cuja amplitude varia segundo o tipo de bebida e de marca. No entanto, diferenças adicionais foram identificadas através de análise multivariada, mostrando uma distinção clara entre as bebidas. Usando RP-HPLC com detector ultravioleta, os compostos que têm origem na banda de absorção foram determinados. Portanto, o espectro de cada bebida na faixa de comprimento de onda de 250-330 nm aproximadamente, mostrou uma mistura particular de furfural (FUR), 2-acetilfurano (2AF) e 5 methylfurfural (5MF). Além disso, os espectros de absorção das misturas de FUR, 2AF e 5MF foram registrados em diferentes concentrações e com um modelo de mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS), as concentrações desses compostos foram previstas em amostras de teste e em licores. Quando estes resultados foram comparados com os obtidos por HPLC, os coeficientes de correlação foram de R > 0,920. Portanto, esta metodologia apresenta um método alternativo para identificar e quantificar alguns compostos furanos em tequilas brancas e mezcales. Além destes resultados, a metodologia pode ser realizada in situ e resultados específicos no controle de qualidade podem ser obtidos em poucos minutos.

In this paper, two Mexican white spirits with appellationd'origen contrôlée (AOC), i.e., tequila and mezcal were easily discriminated by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and chemometric techniques. The spectra were recorded in the range of 250-400 nm and their main feature is a broad band centered about 280 nm whose amplitude changes according to the type of beverage and brand, however, additional differences are pointed out through multivariate analysis that makes a fair differentiation between the beverages. By using RP-HPLC with UV detector, the compounds that originate the absorption band were determined. Thus, the spectrum of each beverage in the wavelength range of 250-330 nm, approximately, is a particular mixture of furfural (FUR), 2-acetylfuran (2AF) and 5-methylfurfural (5MF). Further, the absorption spectra of mixtures of FUR, 2AF and 5MF standards were recorded at several concentrations and by using a partial least square model (PLS), the concentrations of those compounds were predicted in test and spirit samples. When these results were compared to those obtained by HPLC, the correlation coefficients were R > 0.920. Therefore, with this methodology one builds up an alternative method to identify and quantify some furanic compounds in white tequilas and mezcals. In addition to these results, the methodology can be performed on site and results about specific quality controls can be obtained within minutes.

Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) e Regressão por Mínimos Quadrados Parciais foram usados nesse trabalho para a identificação e quantificação de tiamina, riboflavina, nicotinamida e piridoxina, por espectrofotometria UV-Vis, sem realizar os procedimentos analíticos de separação e pré-concentração. Para a quantificação, os intervalos de trabalho estabelecidos foram 1-14 mg L-1 para riboflavina, 2-26 mg L-1 para tiamina, 2-30 mg L-1 para nicotinamida, e 2-22 mg L-1 para piridoxina. Os resultados de recuperação obtidos foram superiores a 95% em todos os casos, para a análise de amostras sintéticas e comerciais. Na busca de cada vitamina alvo, foi construído um modelo de classificação com duas categorias: (i) com a vitamina de interesse e (ii) sem a vitamina de interesse. A capacidade discriminatória de cada modelo de classificação foi avaliada para aprendizagem, para um conjunto de amostras teste e para amostras comerciais, com resultados satisfatórios, com exceção da riboflavina. Assim, um método simples e confiável é proposto para a estimativa simultânea desses compostos.

Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy and Partial Least Squares Regression were used in this work for the identification and quantification of thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide and pyridoxine by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, without separation or preconcentration steps in the analytical procedure. For quantitative purposes, the working range established was 1-14 mg L-1 for riboflavin, 2-26 mg L-1 for thiamine, 2-30 mg L-1 for nicotinamide, and 2-22 mg L-1 for pyridoxine. Recovery results higher than 95% were obtained in all cases during the analysis of synthetic and commercial samples. In the screening of each target vitamin, a classification model was built with two classes: (i) with the vitamin of interest, and (ii) without it. The discriminate capability of each classification model was evaluated for learning, independent testing and commercial samples, resulting in satisfactory findings with exception of riboflavin. Thus, a simple and reliable method is proposed for the simultaneous estimation of these compounds.